Week 14 : Poster Designing and Project Demo Presentation

Objective: 

Designing poster for project demo presentation and demonstration the project.

 

Analysis/Discussion:

The presentation day of FYP II is on 16th Dec 2015 at Gemilang Hall. All candidates that participate need to prepare for presentation according the format given. As it has been briefed before the format of poster for presentation must contain the following subject:  

1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Methodology
4. Block Diagram
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion

Figure 16: The picture during presentation day

Conclusion:

The Presentation Day has been a success. I have presented my project to both of the assigned accessors and they are satisfied with my project.

Week 13 : Making the preparation for the final project presentation and design poster

Objective: 

1.To repair the draft for final project report.

2.To design the poster for presentation day.

 

Analysis/Discussion:

During this week, repair the draft for final report for this project after finish develop the hardware prototype.Then design the poster for presentation day about the project develop, after that make the preparation for presentain day by test the hardware and select the specific infomation to put the poster.

Figure 14: Poster for project demo presentation

Conclusion:

Finally, the draft final report that draft followed the correct guideline at was repair by add suggestion from supervisor.Then poster design was finish and ready for presentation day.

WEEK 12 : Designing the Volt Amp Meter

Objective:
To design which compatible to bring anywhere.

Analysis/Discussion:
This design based on the best output can be produced by the DC motor ganeretor. I have selected DC-DC booster converter to develop "Wind Turbine Using Cooler Fan".

Figure 13: Design of "Volt Amp Meter"

Conclusion:

This is the complate circuit that been done whre the volt meter,switch, indicator lamp and output load put together.

WEEK 11 : To attend FYP Briefing 3 at TTL 1.

Objective:

To attend FYP Briefing 3 at TTL 1.

Analysis/Discussion:

Today, I attend third fyp briefing at TTL hall handle by fyp committee. The FYP committeeexplained briefly about:

1.  Project Demo Preparation
2.  Final report compilation

Discussion:

I had doing my project's report followed as the format given and preparing for the project demo presentation.

WEEK 9,10 : Joule Thief Circuit

Objective:
To design, develop and testing of joule thief circuit

Analysis/Discussion:

A "Joule Thief" is a simple voltage booster circuit. It can increase the voltage of power source by changing the constant low voltage signal into a series of rapid pulses at a higher voltage. You most commonly see this kind of circuit used to power LEDs with a "dead" battery. But there are many more potential applications for this kind of circuit. 

In this project, I am going to show you how you can use a Joule Thief to charge batteries with low voltage power sources. Because the Joule Thief is able to boost the voltage of a signal, you are able to charge a battery with a power source whose output voltage is actually lower than the battery itself.
This lets you take advantage of low voltage power sources such as thermoelectric generators, small turbines and individual solar cells. 

Figure 10: Circuit diagram for joule thief charging circuit

Here are the materials and tools that you will need to complete this project.

• Ferrite toroid core
• Insulated Wire
• NPN Transistor (2N2222, 2N3904, or similar)
• 0.01 microfarad Capacitor (capacitor code:103)
• 330 microfarad Capacitor
• 1 kohm resistor
• 6V Zener Diode
• Diode

In order to make a battery charger, I made a few changes to the standard Joule Thief Design. 

First I added a capacitor to the node between the resistor and the first coil. This helps to stabilize the output a little. 

Then I added a zener diode to the base of the transistor. This helps to protect the transistor from being damaged by voltage spikes. The Emitter-Base junction is the weakest point of the transistor. Most small NPN transistors will have a maximum allowable Emitter-Base voltage of 6 volts or less. So I added a zener diode between the base and the collector of the transistor. The diode prevents the Emitter base junction from becoming reversed biased.

At the output of the second coil, I added a diode. This allows the output voltage to pass through but it prevents electricity from the battery draining back through the transistor. 

The capacitors and the zener diode also help protect the transistor from high voltage spikes that can occur if the circuit is turned on without a load. The voltage of the second coil will jump up as much as it needs to in order to be discharged. If there is no load attached, the coil voltage can reach over 60 volts. This could quickly damage the transistor. The zener diode and the capacitors help to limit these voltage spike.

Figure 11: Pretesting the circuit

Figure 12:  Finalize the circuit

Conclusion:

The input voltage will affect how high the output voltage can get. With the components that I used you will get the best performance from power sources that are between 0.9 volts and 2.0 volts (with a maximum at 1.50 volts). Below 0.9 volts, the circuit will have difficulty boosting the voltage to a high enough to effectively charge a battery. Above 2.0 volts the output voltage will can start to get to high and it will be limited by the zener diode that is protecting the transistor.

WEEK 8 : FYP Briefing 1

Objective:

To attend briefing at TTL 1

Analysis/Discussion:

Today, I attend first fyp briefing at TTL hall handle by fyp committee. The FYP committeeexplained briefly about:

1.  FYP Handbook
2.  Project Development
3.  Progress Report (Log Book/ Blog)
4.  Final Report
5.  Attendance
6.  Assessment forms

Conclusion:

I have started doing my project's report followed as the format given.

WEEK 5,6,7 : DC-DC Booster Converter

Objective:
To design, develop and testing of selected DC-DC booster circuit.

Analysis/Discussion : A voltage step-up is a circuit that increases the voltage. It can be AC/AC, AC/DC, DC/AC or DC/DC. This voltage step-up is a DC/DC adjustable voltage regulator. Usually a voltage regulator is fed by a higher input than output voltage, for example 9V IN to 5V OUT. This circuit will take a low voltage (down to 0.7V) and step it up to adjustable 2.7-5.5V. Since it is a regulator, the output voltage will stay constant regardless input voltage (0.7-5.5V), as long as output voltage is higher than input. It cannot step-down, only step-up. Are there any ICs that can do both?

This is a typical circuit for a battery-powered USB-charger, for example single  AA batteries (1.5V) to power 5V USB. There are tons of DIYs how to create that. They are often hard-specified to 5V output power. This construction can be used in a range of other applications. Many electronic devices work within 3-5 V and often you want to power them by low voltage power sources.

 Figure 4: Circuit diagram for DC-DC booster converter

List of component used in the circuit:

• IC (DC-DC step-up): MAX757CPA+ - IC, DC/DC UP CONVERTER, DIP8, 757
• Socket (DIP8): TE CONNECTIVITY / AMP - 1-390261-2 - SOCKET IC, DIL, 0.3", 8WAY 
• C1 (150µF): PANASONIC - EEUFR1H151, RADIAL, 50V, 150UF 
• C2 (100µF): PANASONIC - EEUFC1H101, RADIAL, 50V, 100UF 
• C3 (0.1µF): EPCOS - B32529C104J, FILM, 0.1UF, 63V, RADIAL
• C4 (1µF): EPCOS - B32529C105J, FILM, 1UF, 63V, BOXED 
• D1 (1N5817): VISHAY FORMERLY I.R. - VS-1N5817, SCHOTTKY, 1A, 20V 
• D2 (LED): MULTICOMP - 703-0100, 5MM, RED, 400MCD, 643NM
• L1 (22µH): PANASONIC - ELC16B220L, 22UH, 4.6A, 0R031
• P1R1 (10kΩ): MULTICOMP - MF25 10K, 10K, 0.25W, 1%
• R1&P1R2 (47kΩ): MULTICOMP - MF25 47K, 47K, 0.25W, 1% 
• R2 (470Ω): MULTICOMP - MF25 470R, 470R, 0.25W, 1%
• P1(100kΩ): TE CONNECTIVITY / CITEC - CB10LH104M, SIDE, 100K 

These item is easily to get in electronic store in Kuala Lumpur. At down below is the specification of Max757 IC.

• Minimum start-up voltage (@10mA load): 1.1V
• Minimum start-up voltage (@300mA load): 1.7V
• Minimum operating voltage (@20mA load): 0.7V
• Input voltage range: -0.3 to +7V
• Output voltage range: 2.7 to 5.5V
• Maximum output load (@input voltage=2V): 200mA@5V, 300mA@3.3V
• Maximum output load (@input voltage=1V): 50mA@5V, 75mA@3.3V
• Efficiency: Max 87% (depends on input voltage and output load
• Quiscent current (@no load, 2V input, 3.3V output): 60µA
• Operating temperature: 0ºC to +70ºC (Using Max75_C__)  Full specification 

Figure 5: Pretesting the circuit

I measured the output voltage to be as adjustable as before (2.77-5.39V). I measured efficiency at 2.5V/340mA in and 4.94V/150mA out. Converted to watts, (4.94*0.150)/(2.5*0.340)=0.74/0.85W, gives 87% efficiency. That is exactly according to spec but I got less efficiency at lower output load, but still expected. For full efficiency you need better components and a more compact layout. Some connections should not be more than 5mm according to PDF. There are two free copper lanes in my layout that can be utilized as common ground, I tried that too but got exactly the same result. It can also be my 10 year old multi-meter that is not calibrated. 

I also measured the efficiency at maximum power. I had 3V/900mA in and 4.66V/460mA out. Converted to watts, (4.66*0.46)/(3*0.9)=2.14/2.7W, gives 79% efficiency.  
I also successfully charged an iPhone 4s with it. It charge at 500mA with 3V in and 4.7V out. Decreasing the input voltage to 2V gives 4.4V out at 300mA (which is quite slow charging). The maximum charge for iPhone is 5V/1A from standard charger. 

Result from testing in various input:
2V in => 4.4V*300mA=1.3W out
3V in => 4.7V*500mA=2.35W out
4V in => 4.95V*500mA=2.5W out

Figure 6: Finalize the design of DC-DC booster converter

Conclusion:

This circuit can be determined to use in thermoelectric device charger but the output current is too small to charge the devices. It will gives longer duration of charging.

WEEK 4 : Testing Mini DC Motor

Objective:

Testing the output Mini DC Motor with the Brushless fan 12V.

Analysis/Discussion:

While waiting for delivery my order DC booster, i have do testing distance generator between brushless fan to see the output voltage on Mini DC Motor.

                     Figure 2: Testing the output voltage in range used Mini DC Motor

 Figure 3: Testing the output voltage in range 15cm used Mini DC Motor

Conclusion:

The distance very effect generator to receive air from fan and indirectly will affect the output voltage of the DC motor.

WEEK 3 : DC Motor (Ganerator)

Objectives: 
To buy the main component for the project.

Analysis/Discussion:

The first component that need to have is the heart of the projects that is the DC Motor. Today i have purchase Mini DC Motor from electronic store in Kuala Lumpur.

Figure 1:Mini DC Motor

Below is table regarding to specification of Mini DC Motor (generator).

                                                    Table 1:Specification of Mini DC Motor

Conclusion:

This is Mini DC  Motor. It has small size and light weight. This is a suitable motor for wind generator in my projects.

WEEK 2 : Research Mini DC Motor

Objective:
To research type,specification for DC Motor.

Analysis/Discussion:

This weak im doing some research about DC motor so that i can solution to increase the voltage from the output. as we know the DC motor use to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy electrified via its outputs.

Figure 12:  DC Motor type

Conclusion:

The DC motor there have 4 detail we need to pay attention.

• power selection
• power requirement
• blade design
• motor power 

WEEK 1 : The Beginning of Final Year Project II Degree

Objectives: 

To begin the next semester of Final Year Project called stage as FYP II.

 Analysis/Discussion:

The first week of second semester of final year project just started. All the listed components as had been managed in the previous proposal report was rechecked to aim to the right place for start searching process in making the prototype of the project. All available components for this project that already in market in this country are listed as below: 

1. DC power supply (12V)
2. Step Up DC-DC booster (4A)
3. Digital Volt-Amp meter(100VDC/10A)
4. DC Brushless Fan(12V)

5. Mini DC motor

Conclusion:

All needed item for this project need to be prepared by end of week 3.

WEEK 13 - THE SUBMISSION

Objective: To finish and submit the proposal report and blog to the supervisor.

Analysis/Discussion:

This is the last week for me to finish up my proposal report and blog because this week is the submission date. The last day to submit is on Friday. This week I need finish up the small parts in the report. The sections left are the 

1. Abstract
2. Table of Content
3. Limitations 
4. Conclusion
5. Formatting the report

Conclusion:  

By Friday,08/05/2015, I should have submitted my proposal report and this blog. Though this maybe the end of FYP I course, but a much harder and difficult course of FYP II is waiting next semester. I should continue my research on the Wind Turbine using Cooler Fan.

WEEK 12 - THE PROPOSAL REPORT PART 2

Objective: To finalize the proposal report.

Analysis/Discussion:

This week I need to finalize my proposal report and the blog. The proposal report is almost 80% finished. But, this week I am a little bit busy with other reports I have only a little time to work on the proposal report. Fortunately, the proposal report is due next week.  

Discussion: A very small progress this week. I need to make it up in week 13.

WEEK 11 - PRESENTATION DAY

Objective: Presenting the whole idea about project and the objective of the product.

Analysis/Discussion :

Students that had been list in the Final Year Project 1 that day must attend the presentation at Gemilang Hall to participate in presentation of project. Presentation starting at 2.00 pm until 5.00 pm. There is two assessor for a project presentation.

assessor 1 : Nadaraj A/L Miniappan
assessor 2 : IR Mohd Fairuz Bin Abdul Hamid

Conclusion:

Slide Presentation.

WEEK 10 - PREPARATION FOR PRESENTATION

Objective: To prepare the slide show / power point.

Analysis/Discussion :

In week 10, all FYP semester 1 student will have their project presentation at Gemilang Hall. Then, the program had been postpone to week 11. The purpose of this presentation was to tell the assessor about the project ideas and the objective of producing the project. 

Contain Of the Slides :-

 1)  Introduction of the project
2)  Problem statement
3)  Objective
4)  Methodology
5)  Gantt Chart
6)  Budget
7)  Progress

Conclusion:

The correction has been done in week before presentation day, it must be no problem regarding to the correction that had been given from supervisor.

WEEK 9 - THE BUDGET

Objective: To list the price for all the components and instruments in this project.

Analysis/Discussion:

All the components needed in this project are sold separately. I took the liberty to survey the price of each components available in electronic shops in Kuala Lumpur. After days of research, I have enlist the components and instrument. Below is the table of budget:

From the table, all equipment not expensive. Total budget for this project is RM 240.00. 

Conclusion: Though the budget is quite is almost RM 700, but I can claim it through MARA.

WEEK 8 - RESEARCH

Objective: To identify and research about the Wind Turbine and DC Motor Generator

Analysis/Discussion :

Wind Turbine

Wind turbine is an important element in a wind power system to generate electricity. A large wind turbine is able to generate up to megawatts (MW) of electricity. A small wind turbine is producing electricity less than 100kW, which is suitable to be used as backup source. A very small wind turbine is generating around 20 to 500 watts of electricity, and is normally used for batteries charging purpose. The wind turbine captures the wind’s kinetic energy in a rotor which consists of two or more blades mechanically coupled to an electrical generator and it is mounted on tall tower to enhance the energy capture. Currently two types of configuration for wind turbine exist, which is the vertical-axis configuration and the widely used horizontal-axis configuration.

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable. Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving accessibility for maintenance.

DC Motor (Generator)

A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic.

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating winding called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.



Buck-Boost Circuit


The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback converter using a single indutor instead of a transformer. Two different topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of them can produce a range of output voltages, from an output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to almost zero. Figure 4 shows the basic circuit of buck boost circuit.

A buck (step-down) converter combined with a boost (step-up) converter The output voltage is typically of the same polarity of the input, and can be lower or higher than the input. Such a non-inverting buck-boost converter may use a single inductor which is used for both the buck inductor and the boost inductor, it may use multiple inductors but only a single switch as in the SEPIC and CUK topologies.

Conclusion:

Based on the 3 research that I have done, I am fully understand on how the wind turbine works and how the DC generator works. Lastly, I can conclude that which circuit do I need to use for this project to boost the voltage.